김복희 Bok Hee Kim

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This study concentrates on examining the symbolic meaning of the awarding ceremony for champions of the Athletic Festivals in the ancient Greek age, and investigating honors, privileges, and rewards presented to them in honor of their championships. he results can be summarized as follows: First, woolen fillets awarded to the champions of the Athletic Festivals, which were originally used to decorate sacred objects, symbolized a champions superiority; a stick of palm tree which champions carried in the awarding ceremony symbolized their invulnerable victory; and olive crowns like other crowns of all kinds of religious ceremony signified that the awarded champions were highly recognized as a priest. Second, awarding ceremonies for the champions of the Athletic Festivals in ancient Greece were performed in such a huge scale as those for triumphant war heros, and the champions were treated on the same footings with God. In addition to the favorable treatment, they received benefits and privileges such as free meal services, lifelong tax exemptions, opportunities to be appointed as a priest, a member of an assembly, or a war commander, which meant their victory was considered as not only a individual honor but for their native town. Third, besides these financial rewards, the athletic festivals offered the champions living wares or war supplies such as olive oil vases, silver bowls, tripods, cloaks, and shields, and among those, tripods and olive oil vases possessed great material value.

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이종원ChongWeonLee

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The purpose of this paper is to point out the problem of legal prescription about Korea Sports Council(KSC) with regard to performing public-oriented sport policy. For this purpose, two kinds of prescription which are confining the characteristic and role of KSC was analyzed. The one is the National Physical Education Promotion Law(NPEPL) which was revised for the fourth time and promulgated on December 31, 1982, and the other is the articles of association of KSC. The result of this study are as follow : (1) The NPEPL was established to fully support elite sport with intent to obtain political legitimacy of the Fifth Government, so KSC was deprived of characteristic of private sport organization, rather the position of KSC was laid under the supervision of the Ministry of Sports. And the basic relationship between those two organizations has not been changed so far. So, articles of the NPEPL which restrict the position of KSC should be abrogated for the purpose of recovery of characteristics of private sport organization. (2) Among the articles of association of KSC those which are connected with important decision-making structure can be estimated as unopened and undemocratic ones. So, those articles should be amended toward collecting more varied opinion for the sake of promoting public-oriented sport. (3) To conclude, KSC must recover its position as the center leading public-oriented sport policy, and for this purpose, academic meetings focused on the future of KSC are needed.

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최복규BokKyuChoi

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The purpose of this study is to investigate that how the unarmed martial art(拳法) had been formed and how it was different from the former unarmed martial art. 《jixiao-xinshu(紀效新書)》 compiled in Ming(明)-Dynasty had much acted on the compilation of 《Muyaedobotongji(武藝圖譜通志)》. There were lots of different martial arts styles in Ming-Dynasty, and military martial arts and fork martial arts at once influenced each other and were developing. But the development of folk martial arts caused some problems. The problem is to lay stress on the specific skill, for example kick skill, hand skill, grasp skill, etc. So many martial artist presented the theory of ‘practice both at the same time(兼而習之)’, which means practice strong point of each martial arts style’s. The unarmed martial arts of 《Jixiao-xinshu(紀效新書)》 is based on the theory of ‘practice both at the same time(兼而習之)’. The unarmed martial arts is composed of ‘sae(勢)’, which is a martial artistic movement of having an attack and defense technique. And also the unarmed martial art is thought to be important not as a skill of war but as a basic skill to learn martial arts. The most important feature of the unarmed martial art in 《Muyaedobotongji(武藝圖譜通志)》 is an acceptance of before eastern Asia`s martial arts theory, and a transformation and reconstruction of Chinese martial arts into Korean style. But martial arts tradition of Korea became gradually decrease because of the Western Invasion in modern times and absence of proper confrontation of it. These situation still act on the current martial arts study and culture.

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이현옥HyunOakYi , 김만의ManEuiKim

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This study is to suggest the aggression, human`s instinct as the new essence of sport. Through the psychological approach it could be found that the aggression which is human instinct is deeply related with the origin of sport. In relation to the instinct of death Freud has proved that there exists the aggression in human mentality and it could be said that the aggression of sport is related with Tanatos, the instinct of death that Freud said. Fromm, a sociopsychologist expanded the concept of Freud`s aggression and devided the aggression in human mentality as the defensive and positive aggression and destructive and malignant aggression and he saw that sport is related with the malignant aggression. I think we have to discard the attitude just to try to adapt the methodical value of sport although the value of sport exists with human instinct. sport is the only thing to express and purify the aggression and it is expected to play the important role to create the future culture.

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김선종SeonJongKim , 신현규HyunGyuShin

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This study is to investigate the prescription of constitutional law about physical education and sport not on view of law but on view of physical education and sport as classification of professional sports, physical education of school, and social physical education and sport in the Republic of Korea. First, the constitutional law about profession sports is free right of occupational choice as constitutional article 15 and laborer`s right as constitutional article 33-1. Second, the constitutional law about physical education of school is educational receptive right as constitutional article 31-1, guard stational right of education as constitutional article 31-4, and basic right of education as constitutional article 31-6. Third, the constitutional law about social physical education and sport is happy desirable right as constitutional article 10, free right of body as constitutional article 12-1-1, free right of meeting and organization as constitutional article 21-1, human life right as constitutional article 34-1, environmental right as constitutional article 35-1, preservation of health right as constitutional article 36-3, and beside guard stational right about freedom and rights as constitutional article 37-1. Specially, scholar and administrator of physical education and sport could be try and effort for exist to prescribe of written contract in Korea Constitutional Law for basic right of physical education and sport.

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전재민JaeMinJun , 김성도SungDoKim

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This study tries to analyze an intrinsic attribute on terminology of ‘Tae-Kwon-Do’ kicking centered on arbitrariness of linguistic signs, the first principle of Saussure’s linguistics. To precede separate arguments on the linguistic intrinsic attribute adapts not only morphology and syntax but also some linguistic theories as methodology. To induce absolute arbitrariness of linguistic signs which are terminology of ‘Tae-Kwon-Do’ kicking this study holds up ‘dol-lyou-cha-gi’ as an example. It demonstrates that ‘dol-lyou-cha-gi’ doesn’t exist on the premise connected with a word /dol-lyou-cha-gi/, sound [ dol ｜ lyou ｜ cha ｜ gi ], and psychological sound [ dol ｜ lyou ｜ cha ｜ gi ], as an example of Saussure’s object, which is an concept as a preceding word and sound. It indicates there is no connection, for example word and sound which represent ‘dol-lyou-cha-gi’ disconnected from concept of ‘dol-lyou-cha-gi’. In this point, the reason that people can remind the same concept and description when he reminds the word on ‘dol-lyou-cha-gi’ because of a dialectic reconciliation between parol-individual behavior pattern and langue-a result of the social contract and agreement. Relative arbitrariness being contrary to absolute arbitrariness is motivated to change and form linguistic sing. This motivation, when uttering certain words, means producing an impression of other words, or deriving from them The terminology of ‘Tae-Kwon-Do’ kicking has an intrinsic attribute which is relative arbitrariness, and it’s attribute allows, or restrains people’ utterance as the psychological or cognitional principle. Judging from the linguistic point of view, as examining the series of relationship about the terminology of ‘Tae-Kwon-Do’ kickings it elucidates coexistence of absolute and relative arbitrariness which allows us to recognize different degree of arbitrariness although never to discard the notion entirely. That is to say that relative arbitrariness in the terminology of ‘Tae-Kwon-Do’ kicking is the principle which can generate new linguistic signs and meanings, and is a constituent of macro-grammar which exists in the people’ brain. It could contradict if absolute, and relative arbitrariness coexist in the terminology of ‘Tae-Kwon-Do’ kicking. However, this contradictory situation be immediately solved by an example of ‘ap-hu-ri-gi. In other words, ‘ap-’, and ‘-hu-ri-gi’ is governed by principle of absolute arbitrariness, and synchronously demonstrates the relative arbitrary fact as connecting of the terminology of ‘Tae-Kwon-Do’ kicking and other morphemes. For that reason, the terminology of ‘Tae-Kwon-Do’ kicking is generally absolute arbitrary, and this arbitrary terminologies are derived as relative arbitrariness. Those implicate that the terminology of ‘Tae-Kwon-Do’ kicking, used as Korean, can be derived from other different linguistic fields. The all fields, including not only ‘Tae-Kwon-Do’ but also physical education and sports are using the linguistic sign as the utterance, or letter, that is meaning that the linguistic sign implicates existential attribute about them. As a result of the above statement, it suppose ‘sports linguistics’ as individual linguistics that can analyze life of the linguistic sign in the field of semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic study.

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지삼업SamUpJi

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「Marine City and Marine Tourism」 and 「Marine Tourism and Marine Sports」 are Related with each other Closely. It is clear that Pusan, Mecca of Korean Marine Sports, will have a lot of guests during the international events such as World Cup, Pusan Asian Games in 2002, PIFF, International Motor Show, International Marine Instrument Fair and so on In addition, Pusan is expected to be the special tourism Zone. Accordingly, it is necessary that we should provide many tourists with marine sports resources and facilities. Recently, a lot of foreign and domestic tourists have a preference for marine experience including personal water craft, wind surfing, sail cruiser yacht, sports diving, water ski, sea fishing etc. Pusan will have to bring up. marine sports strategically and introduce them to effective regional economy and industry actively. It is important that the Government and Pusan City should share the roles of raising marine sports industry through the big International events including Pusan AG and should implement their own roles faithfally. Our Government will have to give financial aid and tax benefit to those who are mating marina and land-marine connecting stops. And it will help many marine sports suppliers by giving financial aid and malting the legal base of credit guarantee. It is essential for government to make "Korean marine sports supplies approval system" and develop Korean brands as International ones. In addition, considering most of equipments in marine sports are imported goods, until the locally produced ones can measure up to the international standards, reduced tax rates such as special consumption tax and 6 different hinds in importing expensive equipments should be reviewed to take off burdens. Pusan city must build 「marine sports experience center for the youth」 along will 「marine sports Fund raising」 and develop "suyeong yacht center" as the base of marine sports called Pusan Marina. Also, it is required to have a boat terminal which can accomodate 30-50 boats, inclined boat entry ways for easier access, and an expansion on current sewage treatment system. It is necessary that our government should admit the "ocean occupation permit" more easily in addition to giving active administrative aids and equipment aids for non-profit marine sports groups.

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신길수GilSooShin , 윤오남HoNamYoon , 서영환YoungHwanSeo , 노재성JaeSeungRho

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For an analysis on hale and female college students` degree of satisfaction with their living sports, 159 questionnaires were actually used(the responding rate was 85.0 %). For the treatment of data, SPSS 10.0 was used. The purpose of this research is to improve the conditions of living sports at colleges and prepare a future-oriented measures to stimulate living sports at colleges. The following are the conclusions of the analysis. 1. The results of the cross analysis according to the individual genders of students: 1) There may be some difference in the students` perception of living sports areas: ① necessity for living sports ② satisfaction degree with living sports lessons ③ complaints about living sports activities. In the above areas, there appeared a significant statistical difference within 5%. 2) There may be some difference in sports lessons taken by male and female students. ① Appropriate number of students in a living sports class ② Preferred academic credits and number of semesters ③ The subjects students want to study the most in their living sports lasses. In the above areas, there appeared a significant difference within 5% between male and female students. ① The lesson patterns students prefer in their living sports classes ② Their preference for evaluation ratio between theory and practice subjects ③ Their preference for absolute evaluation and relative evaluation methods ④ Their preference for the length of each lesson time ⑤ Their satisfaction degree with teaching methods. In the above areas, there was no significant statistical difference within 5% between male and female students. 3) There may be some difference in students` perception of sports facilities and their improvement between male and female students. ① In students` satisfaction with facilities ② their desire for the improvement of facilities, there was no significant statistical difference within 5% between male and female students. 2 The interrelationship analysis results according to students` satisfaction with living sports (lessons, teaching methods and facilities) The satisfaction degree with living sports lessons and satisfaction with teaching methods had a clear positive linear relationship and the satisfaction degree with sports lessons and satisfaction with facilities had a slight positive linear relationship. The satisfaction degrees with teaching methods and facilities also had a slight positive linear relationship. 3. The linear regression analysis results about satisfaction with living sports Of the three satisfaction degrees having a significant meaning within 5%, only the satisfaction with sports lessons had a positive influence on the gender variable and the satisfaction degrees with teaching methods and facilities did not have any significant influence.

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강준상JunSangKang

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The object of this study is the development of statistic database for the management of IT sports. The information constructed with database, manage the complex physical strength management system, and support the scientific estimation and analysis. Nowadays, we manage the entrance examination of physical strength with handwork and general purpose program Therefore I construct the new system which is composed of 3 tables with Visual Basic and Access, and develop the system of application program. The results are follows. The entrance examination students could check the score with their each sports record in a short time, and confirm the reference of grading. It assist their choice of the school. It confirm the personal achievement rate and support the way of training method Moreover, we can analyse the complex management of entrance examination scientifically. And for the estimation, I develop the program in 3 standards (standard deviation, dispersion and average of individual sports). This system might support the important data to university`s standard of entrance physical training.

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정동군DongGunJung , 김지은JeeEunKim

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The Purpose of this study was to examine closely the relationship between consumptive value, golf goods involvement and ongoing information search among golf consumers. This study examined the 250 participants who were in sports center. Data were collected by employing a questionnaire which were developed by Kim Chul min(1996), Lee Young sun(1991) and Bloch(1986). According to research questions there are descriptive statistics analysis, oneway ANOVA, multiple regression analysis in material analyses used. Conclusions from this study method and procedure are as follows. First, consumptive value, golf goods` involvement and ongoing information search are partially different by socio-deiity6taphic characteristics of the golf consumer. Second, consumptive value of golf consumer partially influence on golf goods` involvement. In details, the lower the self-control among the subfactors of consumptive value, the higher simbolism, perceived buying risk. And the higher the material orientation, the higher simbolism, pleasure, perceived buying risk, importance. Third, consumptive value of golf consumer partially influence on golf goods` ongoing information search In details, the lower the self-control, the higher objectivity and the higher the material orientation, the higher objectivity and subjectivity.

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제임스전JamesJeon

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This study was to identify the relationships among ballet participation, stress and depression. Participants for this study consisted of 471 college students (ballet dancers=246, non-ballet dancers=225). The questionnaire used in this study included twenty-eight items measuring stress (Kang, Shin-Wook 1997) and twenty-one questions concerning depression (Beck A T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbangh, J., 1981). Simple regression, multiple regression, ANCOVA, and path analysis revealed the following results. First, education level of solo-demography variable and ballet participation had significant effects on stress, and duration of ballet participation had significantly positive effect on stress. Second, education level and ballet participation had significant effects on depression, and frequency of ballet participation had significantly negative effect on depression. Third, stress had significant effect on depression. Fourth, ballet participation had direct effect on stress and depression, and in conjunction with stress, had indirect effect on depression. The results were discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implication of ballet participation, stress, and depression.

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강성구SungGooKang , 김영수YoungSooKim

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This research have a goal that analyze in-depth to gain through in the long terms of exercise participation in the terms of mental health benefits used to single subject design. For this study, 16 obese male-student of middle school in Seoul were chosen as subjects. The experimental design was progressed during total 5 month vertically to adopt the way of A-B-A-B design that withdraw design one of the type of single subject design. The way of experimental process or collect data is classified that set up the baseline step A₁ during 2month, the deal of exercise step during 2month A₂, withdraw the exercise step during 1month, the deal of exercise step during 2months then according to single subject design give effects to collect data and analysis data. Through a casual survey of this research shows that conclusion. First, according to the conclusion the variation that the long terms of exercise participation and mental health variable, first of all the weight and body fat was reduced, V˙O₂max was remarkably improved. Second, we could find out self-actualization was remarkably improved equally all of subfactor(self-actualization, attractive body, physical condition, physical strength, sport competence), in the positive side of self-esteem changes was observed as variation a period of time. In step B₁, the positive side of changes was proved through A₁, B₂ and that was supported obviously accompanied by obese Adolescent who single subject study.

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안문경MoonGyeongAhn

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the movement control patterns in drop landing. Both ankle and surface conditions were manipulated based on the concepts of constraints that Newell defined(1986). The first independent variable was ankle constraint experimentally manipulated into three conditions; high-top shoes, middle-top shoes, and shoes without ankle part. The second independent variable was surface hardness; landing either over EVA surface or over force platform. All three subjects were required to perform drop landings as safely as possible in six task conditions, i.e., in a 3(ankle constraints) × 2(surface hardness) within-subject design. The time absorbing impact forces and changes of three joint angles while landing were analyzed as a function of experimental conditions. Data were collected using high speed camera and KWON3D(2.1) motion analysis package. Analyses of data revealed that: The time absorbing impact forces and changes of three joint angles were not affected by ankle constraints, but affected by surface hardness. It was concluded that positive mutual constraints existed between organism and environment.

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전선혜SunHyeJun

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As the great concerns on education have a growing interest in the early education, the popular and the academic world interests in the development of infant baby’s body, emotion, and intelligence become larger. This study was to know about the variation of brain waves with using EEG in order to show the concrete, experiential evidence of what sort of change on a baby`s brain activities a massage for a baby might bring on. The object of this study was three or four month old babies, one was the fiver babies practicing the baby massage from birth, and the other was the non practicing four babies. For the purpose of measuring brian activities, this study has measured and analyzed EEG with using LXE 1104-RS 232, the wire brain waves equipment. The electrode attachment region was the frontal lobe F7, which sphere accepts an acknowledgement function, the emotion related sphere, F8, and the parietal lobe C3, C4, which spheres take part in an exercise and a sensory organ. As a result of dispersion analyzing, it has showed the remarkable differences before and after baby massage including the foot and the lower part of the body massage, the upper part of the body massage, and the exercise, that was delta waves(F=5.519, p<.001), beta waves(F=4.796, p<.005), and gamma waves(F=5.519, p<.001), but the theta waves has showed no noticeable difference, therefore, it proves the hypothesis of which a baby massage may increase the alpha waves. Especially in the case of an exercise, the gamma waves have increased remarkably, which waves have not been studied much but only known to be the wave pattern appearing in time of metal activities. Accordingly the futhermore studies on this result should be given much more weight. Also, it has showed no grouping distinction between the massaging group and the non-massaging group, however, it showed averaging distinction which might be inferred to the small number of the subject, therefore it is considered to be more following studies.

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최원준WonJunChoi , 김진희JinHeeKim

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The purpose of this study was to investigated elementary school students’ conceptual knowledge in physical education class. To achieve the purpose of this study, data were collected through various methods such as in-depth interview and think aloud. Data were analyzed by using taxonomy analysis and plan analysis. The major results of the study were as follows: First, game was represented the most favorite domain in Physical education class. Student were perceived on the gam as body & ball, and they didn`t regard size of court and member as important Students had strategy of themselves on the gam and didn`t have new knowledge which was got through gam classes. Second, formation of conceptual knowledge for gam of elementary school students was much influenced of TV and friend.

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엄대영DaeYoungEum , 김장환JangHwanKim , 박진기JinGiPark

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The purpose of this study was to examine what kind of environmental characteristics in squash fitness club would have an influence on service quality evaluation, customer satisfaction and purchase intention, including providing information to others by word of mouth and making inquiry into club opening. To find out the impact of squash club environmental characteristics on service quality, customer satisfaction and purchase, those who were using squash fitness clubs in the city of Daegu were selected as the population After five squash clubs were selected from the city of Daegu by systematic stratified cluster random sampling, 70 users each were selected from them, and the subjects in this study were 350 squash club users. For data analysis, covariance structure analysis was employed. As a result of analyzing the collected data, it`s found that general service quality was rated better when the users had a more positive opinion on the squash center environmental characteristics. When they evaluated general service quality better, their general satisfaction increased, and a higher customer satisfaction led to a higher repurchase intention and word-of-mouth marketing intention. Therefore, it will pave the way for more successful customer-relationship marketing if squash dub environment is created and maintained in such a way to improve service quality perceived by customers and their satisfaction.

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육영숙YoungSookYook

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This study is to suggest desirable roles and direction of sport for all and recreation programs in the community center introduced in the process of reform of local administrative organization in Korea This study was based on the analyses of the current status of sport for all and recreational programs in S-Gu, Seoul which can be used as materials for the further studies. Major findings of this study was as follows. First, In case of S-Gu, the number of programs opened in cot munity center was 82, devided into 6 fields and 323 classes, among which sport for all and recreation programs were most preferred Second, desirable roles and direction of sport for all and recreational programs in the community center was that outdoor programs should be opened in the morning or evening for the more participation And sport for all and recreation programs can contribute to solidating the consensus among residents. Third, specialized leaders of each programs should make effort to teach not only technical skills but also citizenship to the participants. Lastly, leaders of programs are desired to be volunteers living in the community. More concern and socio-psycological approach to sport for all and recreation programs are necessary for the development of community center.

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남승구SeungGuNam , 문우신WooShinMoon

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between employee`s role perception and their self- actualization along with type of sports organizations and their status. Subject of this study were sampled to 346 physical education organization members(male=218, female=99) by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method The survey questionnaires were used to collect the data. The questionnaires for measuring role perception had been developed by Rizzo(1970) and standardized in Korean language by Cho(1985). Cronbach`s alpha between subscale of self- actualization ranged from .69 to .83. The questionnaires for measuring self-actualization had been developed by Min(1986). Cronbach`s alpha between subscale of self-actualization ranged from .69 to .83. Statistics employed in this study were 2way ANCOVA, MCA and standard multiple regression analysis. Based on the procedures and results, this study reached the following conclusions: First, types of sports organizations and their status on role perception with the exception of role ambiguity and self- actualization but covariate is partly influenced. Second, self- actualization is partly influenced by role perception of physical education organization members.

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구정철JeongCheolGu , 손천택CheonTaikSon

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The purpose of this study was to find the cause of Decompression sickness in deep diving by analyzing whether sports SCUBA divers do it following the safety rules. It was analyzed by SUUNM dive log program and dive log analysis tool for 9 deep divers. While the diving pattern graph could be analyzed by per 10-60minutes, in this study the possibility of Decompression was analyzed by per 1 minute according to the observance of the rules such as descent, ascent, safety decompression stop, considering the total dive time and dive pattern 9 divers` 18 times first and repeated dive was compared and analyzed in order to confirm the observance of safety rules according to the diving time. This study has reached following conclusion While deep divers observed the descent speed of below 21m/m at the first and repeated dive, 11.1% of them didn`t follow the safety rules by diving deeper than 30m the lint depth of sports SCUBA at the first dive, which caused the nitrogen anesthesia and Decompression However cost divers observed the safety rules thoroughly that they should ascend at the speed of below 9m/m at the first and repeated dive. The cause of Decompression was the unobservance of the "Safety decompression stop depth" and " Safety decompression stop time"

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권문배MunBaeKwon

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조우정WooJeongCho , 송석호SeokHoSong

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안창규ChangKyuAhn

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The purpose of this study is to apply and test relationship between perceived crowding and user status to raise the efficiency of the management program in the field sport marketing research. Questionnaires containing 19 statements are administered to a total of 523 golfers of 6 country clubs in Korea. Factor analysis, Cronbach`s Alpha, t-test, multiple regression with stepwise method and discriminant analysis is used to estimate relationship between each variables. These results were as follows ; 1) Perceived crowding factors exist four factors representing dimensions of crowding. 2) When perceived crowding factor scores are compared for differences in the degree of user status, mean scores differ significantly for all but one. 3) The mutual relationship between two variables have it that the heavier user, the more other interference in the golf play is high 4) The golf balance interference factors has the highest influence upon the degree of user status by golfers.

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이정학JeoungHakLee , 방지선BangJeeSun

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of sport star advertisement model`s personal on suitability for advertisement model and consumer`s intention of purchasing. 475 among Seoul based junior and high school students were sampled using the convenience sampling method in this study and self-advertisement ministration method was applied for the questionnaire used. In order to analyze collected data, descriptive analysis, t-test and multiple regression analysis were performed. The findings drawn from above methodology and result analysis are as follow. As for suitability for advertisement model, attractiveness, expertise and credibility in order showed significant relation for high involvement sport products, attractiveness, expertise and credibility in order for low involvement sports products, attractiveness only for low involvement non-sport products appeared to have significant effects on suitability for advertisement model. The variables that showed significant effects on consumer`s intention of purchasing were advertisement model`s attractiveness and expertise for high involvement sport products, attractiveness only for high involvement non-sport products, attractiveness for low involvement sports products and credibility for low involvement non-sport products.

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이정학JeoungHakLee

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The purpose of this study is to present of the future development tasks for motor boat racing industry using Delphi technique. The research methods for this study used to review research and expert interview related to motor boat industry, sport marketing/management company, sport management and tourism field on university. The final survey instrument was consisted to forecasting 3 items, goal 3 items, issues 3 items and options 4items by a self developed tool constructed by the investigator collecting 90 experts opinion. The result of this study indicated that the future development tasks for motor boat industry might include the following. ① consideration to counterplan for environment pollution ② promotion to sound leisure sport ③ recruitment to human resources for the professional management ④ establishment to balanced local motor boat pool ⑤ introduction to the third sector system ⑥ settlement to clarity system of management ⑦ enlargement to publicity as a social-public utilities.

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백상서SangSuhBack

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The purpose of this study was to devise the marketing strategy for activity of handball league. For this, the factors that had an effect watching the match were surveyed. The subjects were selected using the systematic stratified cluster random sampling method from people who watched the university handball match. The questionnaire was made up of 24 questions. The reliability of this questionnaire was .865. The statistics were frequency, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows: First, the factors that had an effect watching the match to demographic variables had a difference of a ticket price, and a store in gender, a ticket price, supporters, match date, a store, and a rest room in marriage or not, a ticket price, a star player, an event, a kindness, a store, and an entrance ticket purchasing in an age, a ticket price, an event, a match date, and using an information in a final scholarship, a ticket price, an event, and a restroom in an occupation, and an electric sign, purchasing an entrance ticket, a parking lot, an approachableness, and a facility cleanliness in an income. Second, in the factor that had an effect watching the match, a match date, a public relation, and a ticket price had an effect in marketing factor.

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한광령KwangLeongHan

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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of role perception and organizational effectiveness with the sport organization For accomplishing these purpose, the 400 subjects were selected using the multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method from the employee`s public sport organization in Seoul and Kyung-gi areas. The data for the study were collected through the survey questionnaires. The question for role perception had been developed by Rizzo(1970) and standardized in Korean language by Cho(1986). The questionnaire for organizational effectiveness had been develpoed by Kim(1991), Yang(1992) and adjusted and supplemented by Lee(1996). The statistical methods utilized for testing the hypotheses were Cronbach`a, standard multiple regression analysis using the residual after controlling the socio-demographic characteristics. From the analysis of the data, the conclusion of the study were obtain as the followings: First, the role conflict of members influence sport organization for the effectiveness of sport organization. Second, the role ambiguity of members influence sport organization for the effectiveness of sport organization. Third, the role overload of members influence sport organization for the effectiveness of sport organization. Lastly, the role perception of members of sport organization have an effect on organizational effectiveness.

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김현숙HyunSookKim

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This study focuses on reinforcement for improvement of dance -movement program and attention of handicapped children Purpose of the study is to examine varieties of concentration through reinforcement measures for children having difficulties in concentration of attention. Number of children examined accounts four: they were two mentally retarded and the other two autistic children. The dance-movement program was designed for 40∼50 minutes each for 16 rounds which include rhythm, walking, running and balancing. The intensive measures were applied by means of: none reinforcer: tangible reinforcer; activity reinforcer; and social reinforcer. They were applied to each child for four times. The applied reinforcer was examined by degree of concentration of attention, and there ability to concentrate on the program by length of time. The result was as follow: concentration of attention vary depending on extent and class of handicap. First, in terms of concentration of attention a child accompanied by a volunteer -activity reinforcer- showed the best performance. A child stimulated by tangible reinforcer, such as ball, drum, hulahoop and balancing devices, ranked the second. The third was the one who received compliments by words or skin touches -social reinforcer. Ranked the last received no impetus or impulse at all -none reinforcer. We learned through this study that reinforcement for improvement of dance-movement program helps handicapped children reduce trouble in concentration of attention.

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김영옥YoungOkKim

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The main purpose of this study was to analyze the current articles in the field of dance education that have been issued by eleven kinds of dance and physical education-related journals, including Journal of Physical education during the last thirty years from 1972 to 2001. The results are as follows; First, the total number of the published articles are 137. Of these the number of articles published by Journal of Korea Society Dance and Journal of Research of Dance Education comprised 35(25.55%) each. Journal of Physical Education comprised 31(22.63%). Second, in research methodology 85.40% of articles published were utilized by descriptive research method and 12.41% of the articles applied experimental research method. Each of historical research and qualitative method were 1.46% and 0.73%. Third, in relation to research topic 46.72% of the articles dealt with subjects unrelated to education, 31.39% of the articles dealt with the area of teaching-learning , and the area of curriculum and teacher`s education.

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황인주InJooHwang

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The dance criticism course in university dance programs usually includes dance criticism practice in which students are assigned to observe and review dance performances critically. Such a practice in dance criticism seems to have significant meanings in educational aspect. However, if this practice is done without appropriate guidelines or models in dance criticism it may be very difficult for students to carry out assignments properly. Then, the purpose of this study is to provide the dance criticism model which helps students perform dance criticism practice effectively. The dance criticism model proposed in this study has two aspects: the final product as a written work and the process. As the final product, the dance criticism model suggests that dance criticism includes description, analysis, interpretation, and evaluation in the discussion mode. Dance criticism discusses dance performances, dancers, choreographers, and other dance-macro issues as its content. The contexts in dance criticism in which a review of a dance performance may be placed, are art-aesthetics, social-political, and historical-cultural contexts. Therefore, depending on which mode of discussions, which area of content, and which context are given more emphasis in a review of dance, the shape of dance criticism may be different. The process of dance criticism may be divided into three stages: preparing, observing and writing. In the stage of preparing, the basic background in dance criticism needs to be strengthened, and a specific research for dance performances may be needed. The open attitude needs to be sustained in the observing stage. Especially the dance experience directly communicated from a dance performance should be focused. In the stage of writing, a main image or idea needs to be found. A review would be constructed and written around that image or idea. As students read more dance materials, attend and discuss more dance concerts, get more dance training, write mare dance reviews, it is expected that the proposed model would help them produce creative and critical dance reviews eventually.

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황경숙KyungSookHwang

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‘Botaepyeong’ and ‘Jeongdaeeop’ currently played as jongmyo Jeryeak were composed during the rule of King Sejong and had been played at court banquets until the ninth year of King Sejo s reign when they adopted them as part of Jeryeak. Jongmyo Jeryeak is the unique musical heritage of Korea, being totally different from Chinese music. Thus it brings a sense of pride in every Korean’s heart. Since the tradition of the Chinese version of our Jongmyo Jeryeak was lost long ago, Koreas Jongmyo Jeryeak is one of the very rare folk ceremonial musics in the world. Its value, thus, cannot be overestimated. In 1995, Jongmyo was appointed as the World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO. In 1975, the ceremony of Jongmyo Jerye was appointed as No. 56 of Major Intangible Cultural Asset in Korea. And Jongmyo Jerye and Jongmyo Jeryeak were together chosen as ‘the Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity’ at the UNESCO meeting held in Paris on May 18, 2001 along with the No. 1 jongmyo Jeryeak. As a result, the whole world has got to know and appreciate jongmyo Jeryeak. This paper covered the Ilmu(a kind of dance in many rows) from a perspective of the Book of Changes. It was investigated in an approach of a non-Western ideology, that is, an approach of a new view of nature, world and organization Considering that Oriental thoughts and traditional cultures were affected by China, it was understood that Jongmyo Jerye Ilmu was systemized in a harmony of yin and yang based on the principles and laws found in the 「Book of Change s」. Ilmu has its unique world view built in it associated with Daeyeonjisu, Cheonjijisu, and Samcheonyangji and Samgung of Akhakguebeom.

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안용덕YongDukAhn

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This study is on the influence of exercise items and characteristics by training period on athletes` bone density and physical fitness and uses total of 63 objects in experimental group composed of male university athletes having over nine-year career at basketball, volleyball, handball, wrestling, kumdo, taekwondo, Rugby, Hockey and football (seven athletes respectively at each item). For measuring bone mineral density, the first measurement before winter training was conducted, the second measurement was done after training of 12 weeks by training programs based on exercise characteristics by items and the third measurement was after training of 12 weeks with lass and exercise together based on programs by exercise items. Bone mineral density of lumbar spine, femoral neck was measured and the following conclusions are obtained. 1. In a change of lumbar bone mineral density according to training period of exercise items, it is found that experimental group after training of one step showed the mean increase of 0.0137g/㎠. After the training of two steps, experimental group showed the mean increase of 0.0127g/㎠. So there is a statistically significant change in the level of p<.05. 2. In a change of femoral neck bone mineral density according to training period of exercise items, it is found that experimental group after training of one step showed the mean increase of 0.0141g/㎠. After the training of two steps, experimental showed the increase of 0.0125g/㎠. Therefore, there is a statistically significant change in the level of p<.05. 3. In the comparison of bone mineral density between exercise items by training period, there were statistically significant differences at lumbar spine, femoral neck in the level of p<.001.

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현광석KwangSukHyun

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The purpose of this study was to identify effects of an aquatic therapy swimming program and isokinetic training on patients with anterior cruciate ligament injuries. All of the patients responded to notices containing a description of the study that were posted in the rehabilitation center where the study were conducted. Participants registered for the program in the rehabilitation center, obtained physicians’s permissions to participated, and completed required registration forms. 18 participants were randomly assigned into three different treatment groups: an aquatic swimming program(N=6), a isokinetic training program(N=6), and a physical therapy group(N=6). All of the participants completed the exercises during one hour a day, three days a week for 12 weeks. The Changes of flexor and extensor at 60°/sec. The following results were found in this study: Although no significant difference was found among the three groups, an aquatic swimming program, a isokinetic training program, and a physical therapy group with respect to the measures of peak torque on flexor of the involved side at 60°/sec, there were significant increases among the three groups over training time. While there were progressively increases among the three groups with respect to the measures of peak torque on the uninvolved side at 60°/sec, there was not found significant difference among the three groups over training time. No significant difference was found in both involved side and uninvolved side by the training period. The isokinetic training group showed a quick recovery from the muscle functions, followed by a aquatic swimming group, and a physical therapy group. Though no significant difference was found among the three groups with respect to the measures of peak torque on the extensor of the involved side at 60°/sec, there were significant increases over training time. While significant differences were not found among the three groups with respect to the measures of peak torque on the extensor of the uninvolved side at 60°/sec, these groups showed consistent increases in the measures over training time. As a result of the treatments during the course of this study, there were significant differences Uninvolved Side X Involved Side interaction for peak torque. This study also revealed significant differences Training Period X both Involved and Uninvolved sides X Group interaction. In summary, as a result of 12 weeks of rehabilitation program, there were differences among three groups for muscular functions, while not significantly different from each other. This study showed differences in the muscular functions of both involved and uninvolved sides among three groups by the treatment period. Although isokinetic training group showed a quick recovery from the muscular functions, followed by aquatic swimming group, and physical therapy group, there was no significant difference.

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권창기ChangKiKwon , 임순길SoonGillLim , 오태웅TaeWongOh

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The objective of the study examines closely that SHRSP(spontaneously hypertensive rat strokr-prone) injected with cholesterol less and low Ca feed for 45 days has been shown how a vegetable fiber makes an effect on Bone Mineral Metabolism and Ca, P, and Mg in the blood. ·to result in reduce(P<0.05) in the density of the thighbone for chitosan and cellulose in relative with control ·to result in reduce(P<0.05) in the intensity of the thighbone for chitosan and cellulose in relative with control ·to result in reduce(P<0.05) in the density of Bone mineral content chitosan and cellulose in relative with control ·to result in reduce(P<0.05) in the density of Mg in the blood for chitosan and cellulose in relative with control considering the results above, the study show that a vegetable fiber makes an effect on the intake of Ca in the human body, that the density of Bone mineral content and Bone mineral density is reduced if injected with, chitosam and cellulose which leads to Osteoporosis with the long period of these intake.

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신말순MalSoonShin , 김영표YoungPyoKim , 이강우KangYooLee

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In the present study, the effect of acute physical exercise on antioxidant enzymes activities and lipid peroxidation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM) was investigated. Ten men with NIDDM ages 40∼50 years, and 11 matched control subjects exercised on a treadmill for 40 min at 5 0∼60% of their maximal oxygen consumption. To determine an appropriate intensity of exercise for each subjects, graded exercise test were performed on a treadmill using Modified Bruce Protocol. Blood samples were drawn before exercise and immediately after exercise. The collected blood were analyzed for the SOD(superoixde dismutase), MDA(malondialdehyde), GPX(glutathione peroxidase). The result through the statistical analysis of this data were summarized as follows; SOD levels were no significant difference between two groups and exercise time. Before exercise MDA levels were higher than after exercise in NIDDM group(p<.001), and MDA levels were significantly higher NIDDM group compared to control group in before exercise(p<0.05) and after exercise(p<.001). In NIDDM and control groups, GPX level were significant increased after exercise compared to before exercise, and after exercise, GPX levels were higher significant than before exercise in NIDDM and control groups(p<.001). Low SOD and GPX activity in NIDDM at rest and immediately after exercise may contribute to increased oxidative stress. Lower SOD and GPX activity demonstrated increased resting and post-exercise oxidative stress as indicated by MDA It can be presumed that the rise in oxidative stress by damage of antioxidant defense mechanism increases the oxidative damage of NIDDM patients during exercise.

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신창호ChangHoShin

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The purpose of this study was to investigate an effects of different weight loss item on metabolism regulatory hormone and body composition in response to 12 weeks weight loss program(Dietary Restriction; DR group, Aerobic Exercise & Dietary Restriction ; AEDR group, Aerobic Exercise ; AE group). In aerobic exercise, the intensity was 50-85% HRmax, the duration was above 60min/day, the frequency was 3times/week on AEDR group and 6times/week on AE group. In caloric restriction, a deficit of 250 kcal on AEDR group and 500Kcal on DR group. For this study, twenty middle aged women of 35% body fat were chosen as subjects. The subjects carried on exercise and caloric restriction for 12weeks. Before and 6weeks, 12weeks after the intervention blood variables and body composition variables were measured. Statistical techniques for data analysis were two way repeated ANOVA to determine the differences among groups and two way repeated ANOVA to determine the differences between periods. The 5% level of significance was used as the critical level for acceptance of hypotheses for this study. The experimental results from this study are the following. 1. As a results of the weight loss program, weight, % body fat and BM were significantly decreased AEDR and AE groups. but WHR was no significantly difference in all group. 2. As a results of the weight loss program, thyroxine was significantly increased in all group. and FFA was significantly decreased in AE and DR group. 3. As a results of the weight loss program, AEDR group only significantly decreased on abdominal subcutaneous fat area.

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Leptin, thyroxine, abdominal subcutaneous fat, abdominal viscera fat.

강현식HyungSikKang

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김정규JungKyuKim

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of training on blood leptin concentration and hormonal secretion. The subjects of present study were divided into two groups; 10 university soccer players(Trained group ;T) and university students(Untrained group; UT). All subjects participated in VO₂ max test to calculate their 80% VO₂ max workload. All exercise test were continued until subjects stopped because of fatigue. There were significant difference in the total exercise performance time between T and UT groups(p<.05). The mean blood leptin concentration of UT group was higher than that of T group, and there were significant difference between T and UT groups(p<.05). The mean blood insulin concentration of UT group was lower than that of T group, and so there were significant difference between T and UT groups(p<05). The mean blood cortisol concentration of UT group was higher than that of T group, and so there were significant difference between T and UT groups(p<.05). In this study, the rate of leptin secretion and its blood concentration were out of proportion to corresponding changes in total body fat mass and available energy levels, suggested that leptin served as a metabolic regulator of whole body energy homeostasis. Futhermore, decreased insulin resistance and increased HPA axis sensitivity with exercise training induced efficient central nervous system signal for energy balance that could enhance leptin`s physiologic role for anti-obesity.

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김재철JaeCheolKim

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It was the aim of this study to investigate the expression of VEGF mRNA and protein in cardiac and skeletal muscle by acute aerobic exercise. The male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent the treadmill running at the 32m/minof speed and 15° of decline for 90min. The expression of VEGF mRNA and protein in cardiac, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were examined by Northern blotting and Western blotting. In the cardiac muscle VEGF mRNA expression were significantly increased in all group. The expression of VEGF mRNA in the gastrocnemius and soleus were significantly increased at the recovery period of 1∼3 hours and then decreased gradually to the base line. The expression of VEGF protein in gastrocnemius was showed the high level at the all group. However, cardiac muscle was showed the peak level of VEGF protein at the recovery 6∼24 hours but in soleus reached at the recovery 1∼3 hours. This VEGF increase in response to acute exercise supports the concept that VEGF is invoved in exercise-induced cardiac and skeletal muscle angiogenesis.

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권유찬YooChanKwon , 윤미숙MiSukYoun , 강성희SungHeeKang , 박상갑SangKabPark

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined training on abdominal fat and leptin concentration Subjects were composed of fourteen obese middle-school students. The training program was separated treadmill running and muscular resistance training. The treadmill running was composed of 60%HRmax(Intensity), 30 minutes a day(Duration), 4 days a week(Frequency). The muscular resistance training was composed of 60% of 1RM(Intensity), 50 minutes a day(Duration), 4 days a week(Frequency). Paired t-test was used to evaluate the difference of pre and post 16 weeks combined training. The 0.05 level of significance was as critical level for the study. The VO₂max(ml/kg/min) was significantly increased. The body weight and %body fat were significantly decreased and lean body mass was significantly increased after combined training. SFV, VFV and VFV/SFV were significantly decreased and serum leptin concentration was significantly decreased after combined training. In conclusion, abdominal fat volume and serum leptin concentration were decreased in combined training. So it is may be thought that combined training of aerobic and resistance improve body composition for obesity treatment.

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곽이섭YiSubKwak , 백일영IlYoungPaik

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Tuberculosis is the leading infectious disease in the world. It is urgent to develop new vaccine and treating drugs. Besides vaccines, we want to know the effect of regular swimming training on TB infection in the mouse model. This study was designed to examine the effects of regular swimming training on lung and spleen TB counts and INF-γactivity in the trained mice. The trained mice underwent a 10-wk endurance swimming training (5 times/wk) in water at 33- 38℃(WWG) and 21-23℃(CWG) for 60 min. And they were divided into 3 groups according to the regular swimming training (CG;control, WWG;warm water group, and CWG; cold water group). Mice were challenged by aerosol infection with M tuberculosis H37Rv using an inhalation device(Glas-Col, Terre Haute, Ind.) calibrated to deliver bacteria into lungs. Three weeks after immunization, the mice were challenged. Four weeks after challenge, the mice were sacrificed and the numbers of viable bacteria in lung and spleen were determined by plating serial dilution of whole organ homogenates on nutrient Middlebrook 7H11 agar(Difco, Detroit, MI). Colonies were counted after four weeks incubation at 37℃. All data were expressed as mean, standard deviation and SEM by using SPSS package program (win 10.0). The result through the statistical analysis of this data were summarized as follows; In the weight changes, there were significant differences among CG, WWG, and CWG following the swimming training at different temperature, and CWG was the lowest. In the change of IFN-γ following the swimming training, there were significant differences(p<.05) among CG, WWG, and CWG after stimulated with media and CFP. In MM counts, there were significant differences(p<.05) between CG and also WWG in the Lung. and also there were significant differences(p<.05) among CG, WWG, and CWG. These results suggest that regular swimming training suppress Th1 immune response caused by decreased IFN-γ level in the WWG, Also For the W WG, highly increased level of TB counts appear in the Lung and Spleen compare to CG.

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현송자SongJaHyun , 정성태SungTaiChung , 유승민SeungMinYoo

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The purpose of this present study was to investigate the effect of on antioxidants supplementaton on antioxidant enzyme activuty of skeletal and histomorpholgical change of cardiac or skeletal muscle damage during prolonged exercise in rats. Forty male Sprage-Dawley rats (4weeks old) were used as subjects. The subjects were divided into 4groups as control(CON), non-antioxidants(NAE) exercise, antioxidant control(AC) or antioxidants exercise(AE) group. Non-antioxidant group(CON & NAE) fed general food(Samyang, Inc. Korea) for 16weeks. Antioxidant group(AC & AE) fed the general food and the mixed antioxidants which were consist of vitamin E(2001U/kg/day), vitamin C(50mg/kg/day), vitamin B6(250㎍/kg/day), β-carotene(300mg/kg/day and selenomethionine(0.1mg/kg/day). After the diet experiment for 16weeks, exercise groups(NAE & AE) completed swimming exercise for 30 minute. Immediately, after swimming exercise, all the rats were sacrifced for the isolation of gastrocnemius. Then, SOD of soleus and GPx or GR enzymes of gastrocnemius muscle were assayed. Prolonged exercise no changed the SOD activity, but increaed the GPx or GR activity of skeletal muscle. Further, antioxidant supplementation more significantly increased the GPx or GR activity of gastrocnemius muscle than those of non antioxidants group. Histomorphological studies, the heart muscle damage no presented, but only the non-antioxidant exercise group swelled infiltration of inflammatory cell. In conclusion, The prolonged exercise gave rise to increase oxidative stress which led to oxidative damage, The present results clearly suggest that the antioxidant supplmentation were accelerated the glutathione enzyme activiies of skeletal muscle and help to prevent the development of work muscle damage. Further, experimentation with exercise protocols might be necessary to clarify this point.

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장웅찬EungChanJang

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The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of black tea on body weight gain and visceral fat mass in normal rat chow diet fed Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats (n=12 per group) were randomly divided into rat chow diet(control), exercise and black tea diet groups. Control and exercise groups were provided with rat chow diet while the black tea group consumed 5 times concentrated black tea water-extract supplemented (1% w/w) rat chow diet for 4 weeks. The treadmill running for exercise group was loaded as an exercise five days a week for 4 weeks. a running speed of 20 m/min with slope zero degree for 50 minutes at the 1st week, 22 m/min with slope 2 degree for 60 minutes at the 2nd and 3rd weeks, and 22 m/min with slope 5 degree for 60 minutes at the last week Supplementation of black tea extract significantly decreased body weight gain and visceral fat mass compared with control diet group (p<.05 and p<.01, respectively). Exercise did not decrease body weight gain, but decreased visceral fat by 25%(p<.05) Total food intake for 4 wk feeding was not differ significantly among groups, but total feces content for 4 wk feeding was higher in black tea group than in control and exercise groups. In in vitro study, black tea extract inhibited significantly both the pancreatic lipase and alpha-amylase activities dose dependently. In conclusion, we found the anti-obesity effect of black tea and the possible mechanism might be a decrease in fat and carbohydrate digestions via inhibition of pancreatic lipase and alpha-amylases in gastrointestinal tract.

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조준용JoonYongCho

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The purpose of the present study was to determine the changes of skeletal muscle GLUT-4 protein and gene expression in obese Zucker rats by exercise training and catechins supplementation. Animals either remained sedentary, recieved catechins (5㎖ /day), performed treadmill running, (24m/min, 0% grade) or underwent both catechins treatment and treadmill running for 8wk During experimental period, treadmill running alone and catechine alone or treadmill running in combination with catechise resulted in a significant lowering of the glucose level and insulin level compared with sedentary control. Glucose level and insulin level was reduced to the greatest extent in the treadmill running. Treadmill running or catechins individually increased GLUT-4 protein and mRNA expression in isolated soleus and plantaris muscles. The greatest increase in GLUT-4 protein and mRNA expression in soleus but not plantaris muscle observed in the treadmill naming group. Thus, the improvement in insulin-mediated glucose transport in coleus due to treadmill running or catechins, individually associated with enhanced GLUT-4 protein and mRNA expression Also, There was interactive effect of treadmill running and catechine on GLUT-4 protein and mRNA expression These results indicate that treadmill running or catechine individually and both treadmill running and catechins improve insulin action in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. Because the improvement in muscle glucose transport in the treadmill running-catechine group was associated with upregulation of GLUT-4 protein and mRNA expression, the mechanism for this interaction must be due to additional, as yet unidentified, factors.

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Treadmill running, catechine, Zucker rat, glucose transport-4 protein, GLUT-4 mRNA

이경옥KyungOkYi , 이영숙YoungSookLee

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The purpose of this study was to discover the effects of different sports training and dietary habits on the menstrual cycle, body composition, and bone mineral density of elite Korean female athletes. Independent variables were the sport each athlete trained in, as well as their dietary habits. Dependent variables were the menstrual cycle, body composition, and bone mineral density. Dual Energy X-Ray Absorbtiometry (DEXA: XR-26, Norland USA) was used to measure bone mineral density. Body composition was measured via the eight point high frequency bio-impedence method, utilizing the In Body 2.0 (Biospace Corporation, Korea). The test group consisted of athletes from five different disciplines: weight-lifting, wu shu, synchonized swimming, gymnastics, and judo. The total number of test subjects were 26. The dietary habits of each participant was analyzed. Three catagories were created for irregular eating habits. There were: bingeing, fasting, and under-eating. Irregular menstrual history was also ascertained through a questionnaire. Neither the type of sport, nor dietary habits were directly linked to the menstrual cycle of the test subjects. While dietary habits had a mild effect on body composition, the type of exercise had a high correlation to muscle mass. BMD was effected by both diet and the type of exercise. Although diet was not a major factor in determining BMD, the type of exercise, especially the load and duration of these exercises had a pronounced effect. Furthermore, there was a strong relationship between BMD and body composition. Lastly, the menstrual cycle was shown to have some affects on BMD as well.

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임비오BeeOhLim , 윤재만JaeManYoon

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The purpose of this study was to establish and compare kinematic data among four groups of collegiate soccer players who kicked the inside right ground kick, inside right fly kick, inside left ground kick and inside left fly kick Eleven kinematic parameters were measured for 6 collegiate soccer players. Approximately 27.3% of these parameters showed significant differences among the four kick variations. Among the kinematic variables that showed the significance in statistics were the anterior-posterior distance between ball and ankle joint, the angle of final support foot, the angle of pelvis tilting. In anterior-posterior distance between ball and ankle joint, inside right fly kick was more closer than any other inside kick. While in left direction of inside kick, the final support foot were located left side, in right direction of inside kick, the final support foot were located right side. At ball impact, the right ground kick had the greatest pelvis tilting angle. Understanding kinematic differences can help a soccer kicker select and learn different kick drills and can help a goalkeeper learn how to predict the kick direction.

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조병준ByungJoonCno

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The purpose of this study is to elucidate the cost efficiency of mechanical energy of limited running and to provide theoretical bases of efficient running. Both cinematography and force measurement were conducted at the same time to the undergraduate students(male 20, female 18) by using four video came as and force platform to get force and kinematic data. By programming with a 7-segment model of body segment, maximum and minimum mechanical energy were obtained. By measuring the physiology energy cost of the same velocity on the treadmill, the mechanical cost efficiency was also obtained. The conclusions are as follows; 1. The correlation between maximum and minimum energy and body weight in men and women was low. The correlation between maximum and minimum energy and relative length of lower limb in men and women was significant(male : r=0.778, r=0.637, female : r =0.536, r=0.616 respectively). The correlation between maximum energy and height in women was significant(r=0.566). 2 The mechanical efficiency of real running in mechanical energy cost exists between maximum and minimum efficiency. 3. The correlation between the relative length of lower limb and the maximum cost efficiency in men and women was significant(r=0.698, r=0.683 respectively). The correlation between relative length of lower limb and minimum cost efficiency in men and women was also significant (r=0.738, r=0.724 respectively). Therefore, the man whose lower limb is relatively long shows high energy efficiency in motor performance.

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강상학SangHackKang , 임충희ChongHeeIm

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Abstract

In this research, a cycle of hurdling was divided into 4 phases, which were preparation, hurdling, landing and restoring. The objective of the present research was to analyze kinematical variables appearing at the 4 phases of the 4^th hurdling interval in which the runner speeds up by gaining rhythm in the hurdling motions, and to identify the factors that had an effect on correct hurdling motion. The conclusions drawn from the research were as follows. 1. It was judged that the most important factor in maintaining speed was reducing the time to stay in the air during the hurdling phase. Accordingly, it was desirable to keep the parabola of the body center as low as possible to make efficient hurdling motion Out of the duration of a cycle, the ratio of stepping on the ground to staying in the air was 40:60, and the time to stay in the air at the hurdling phase was appeared to be 30% of the duration of the cycle. 2. At the hurdling phase, the peak of the parabola of the body center(PPBC) was 0.31m before the hurdle. While staying in the air, the highest level of the body center was 1.35m, and it was considered that, as a whole, the bending of the upper body at the hurdling phase was not sufficient. 3. At the hurdling phase, the jumping distance (2.07m) appeared to be longer than the landing distance (1.45m). In case of s3, the ratio of the jumping distance to the landing distance was 63:37, which had a longer jumping distance compared to the results of previous researches. In case of s5, the ratio was 54:46 and so the jumping distance was shorter than the former. 4. Throughout the entire cycle, the vertical velocity of the body center increased at the stepping time between the landing and the jumping.

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임충희ChongHeeIm , 강상학SangHackKang

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Abstract

The objective of the present research was to analyze mechanical variables appearing at the 4 phases of the 4^th hurdling interval in which the runner speeds up by gaining rhythm in the hurdling motions, and to identify the factors that had an effect on correct hurdling motion The conclusions drawn from the research were as follows. 1. It was required to enlarge the forward-leaning angle for keeping PPBC low at the hurdling phase, and to maintain an appropriate jumping angle for efficient hurdling motion just before passing over the hurdle, the hip joint on the right-hand side was abducted and became level with the ground, and while passing over the hurdle, the abduction of the hip joint was slightly delayed. 2. The angular momentum along the axis left to right (Hx) during staying in the air at the hurdling phase appeared to be negative at the time of stepping on the ground and staying in the air throughout the phase. Most of the angular momentum of the right and left side was generated by right leg`s strong pushing against the ground, and the static angular momentum by the left leg also appeared to be high. 3. Just before passing over the hurdle, most of the angular momentum along the axis front to back was generated by the right leg. The contribution of the left leg was insignificant, and so were the angular momentum of both arms. 4. The angular momentum of the right and left side along the axis front to back (Hz) appeared to be positive while staying in the air at the hurdling phase. Particularly, as the forward abduction of the right-handed hip joint requires a large size of static angular momentum, a large counterclockwise circling motion takes place when viewed from above.

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백형훈HyungHoonBaik , 권오성OhSungKwon , 성봉주BongJuSung

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze major muscle type on recruitment to athletes and non-athletes in crouching start movement and in crouching start section(set-go-one step)using wireless electromyogram machine. 18 highschool students(male) were participated in the exercise test. The subject were divided into two groups ; athletes(N=8) and non-athletes(N=8). Electromyogram test was analyzed muscle type on recruitment in crouching start movement by surface electrode. Major muscle was treasured by Integrated EMG in pre-test. The result of this study as follows: 1. Athletes group in start section among crouching start movement significantly recruited more major muscles than non-athletes group. Especially, in case of right gastrocnemius, its IEMG is significantly less than any other muscles ; athletes(IEMG=129.99±39.79%) and non-athletes(IEMG=46.02±129.99%). In this fact, we recognize non-athletes can`t push right-starting block correctly during crouching start movement. From now on, domestic athletes couches and physical educator will teach correct crouching start methods and improve training methods about crouching start. 2. Non-athletes group in set section among crouching start movement significantly recruited more major muscles than athletes group. In this result, we notice that athletes` center of gravity(CG) located between upper body and ground whereas non-athletes CG located between hip and ankle. The fact that CG located between upper body and ground was meaning this crouching methods was good at starting movement. 3. Athletes group in one-step section among crouching start movement significantly recruited more major muscles than non-athletes group. The primary factors of this result were related to angle of arm shaking and theigh of pitch.

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이진택JinTaekLee , 윤희중HeeJoongYoon , 류재균JaeKyungRyu

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Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the biomechanical characteristics of the take-off motion in elite high jumpers for the purpose of improving jumping performance, as well as to determine more efficient the last three strides approach and take off forms. Furthermore, the biomechanical data for analyzing and evaluating future studies will be obtained through this study. Kinematic factors were calculated kinematic variables such as time, distance velocity and angle and the following conclusions were drawn; In aspects of distance variable, it was shown that all subjects had the different type of height of the center of mass and approach run. the subjects A and B approached parallel to a ground at the last stride and made low the center of mass before the take-off for the second-last and third-last. The subject C showed the higher continued center of mass before the touchdown last stride, and then dropped at the last stride. The center of gravity at the instant of touch down should be lowered by increasing the last stride length of approach run and the backward lean of the body.

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구희성HeeSungKoo

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of the Naraechagi Taekwondo technique. The three Taekwondo national elite players participated in this study. Three dimensional cinematograph used to analyze the kinematical factors of the Naraechagi Taekwondo technique. Although advanced cinematographic and analysis techniques were utilized to reduce possible errors, the small sample size might limit the generalization of the research consequences. As a result of this study, the following conclusions have been obtained: 1. The average time of the overall performance of the Nraechagi Tekrwndo technique was 0.88 seconds. Its preparation phase took 53.4% of the average time, and its right kicking phase took 27.2%. The elapse of its left kicking phase showed 19.4%. The displacement of COG in X, Y, Z followed 7.5cm, 64.7cm, 32.6cm in each dimension of space. 2 The fastest velocity of right kicking phase is 11.4 m/s on knee joint flexion which is before impact. And that of left kicking phase is 9.7 m/s on impact. 3. As the angles of the right foot kicking on impact, the hip joint showed 144.5°, the knee joint 147.6°, and the ankle 149.3°. As the angles of the left foot kicking on the final impact, the hip joint showed 113.1°, the knee joint 107.2°, and the ankle 136.0°. The angular change of right kicking is more wider than that of left kicking. 4. On the right kicking phase, the componential angular velocity of the ankle joint show 17.2, 2.2, -9.9rad/s during maximizing the flextion of knee(RKA) which means the w_x component`s maximum flexion and the w<sub>z</sub>, component`s maximum outward rotation. As impacting the final target, the ankle joint`s angular velocity is 19.8, -6.1, 12.8 rad/s with the maximum dorsal flextion and the maximum inward rotation of the foot. The angular velocity of the left foot`s impact is larger than that of the right foot`s impact. According to this result, as preparing the Naraechagi Taekwondo technique, the joints of the lower extremity need to be placed as close to the central body`s rotation axis as possible. It is the impacting technique on the target with the maximum muscle power of the waist, the trunk segment`s immediate rotation and the maximum angular velocity of the joints of lower extremity.

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임기원LWionLim , 노호성HoSungNho , 이성노SeoungNoLee , 최성근SungKeunChoi , KiyojiTanaka

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Abstract

The health and physical fitness of middle-aged women would be related with the health life. The maintain and increase of health and physical fitness may be contributed in the aged society. This study was examined the changes and the characteristics of health and physical fitness for 178 middle-aged women ages 32-63 by age group. The results obtained indicated that the abdominal girth, the blood pressure, the triglyceride and the blood glucose was significantly increased, but the function of almost physical fitness factors, the cardiorespiratory function were decreased by, increasing age. As the above results, the selected tests of measurement, and participated subjects in this study showed to be reflected in the decrease of body function by aging. The index based these tests of measurement could be considered to grasp the health and physical fitness for middle-aged women.

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최성근SungKeunChoi , 노호성HoSungNho

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Abstract

This study was to compare the effects of cardiopulmonary function and lipids change in the four month aerobic exercise program at lactate threshold level intensity on premenopausal and postmenopausal women. The chest circumference, waist circumference, % body fat decreased, and all of the physical fitness variables with the exception of grip strength improved through the aerobic exercise program. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased altogether in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, but the decrease level in postmenopausal women was higher than that of premenopausal women The maximal oxygen uptake increased in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women regardless of the menopausal condition Total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol from the lipid variables concerning cardiovascular risk factors decreased effectively in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women The triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol changed little in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. The aerobic exercise program at lactate threshold level intensity conducted by this study proved effective in premenopausal women as well as postmenopausal women. Thus the program will contribute to the health maintenance and promotion through improving cardiovascular risk factors.

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김기범KeeBumKim , 이규원KyuWonLee , 조한무HanMooChoi

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The purposes of the study are to set up the criterion referenced standard for the elementary school children to apply a new type of the modified pull-ups instead of the conventional pull-ups losen the Validity as a measurement implement for the muscle endurance of the upper arms and to use as the measurement implement for the muscle endurance of the upper arms with the modified pull-ups in the school site by analyzing the validity and the reliability of the established criterion referenced standard. To fulfill these aims, 320 sampled boys and girls were selected to divided to two comparing group of superior group and of inferior group and examined the pull-up hanging slantly, one of modified pull-ups to draw its result on the same page with the graphs and derive the expected criterion referenced scores to compute their validity and reliability. Firstly, the criterion referenced standard of the modified pull-ups per 5th, 6th grade boy and girl students through the comparing groups are established as with ; 5th grade boy 14 round, ; 5th grade girl 11 round ; 6th grade boy 18 round ; 6th grade girl 11 round. Secondly, the validity coefficients are shown to be as ; 5th grade boy .62 (14 round) ; 5th grade girl .72 (11 round) ; 6th grade boy .61 (18 round) ; 6th grade girl .75 (11 round). Thirdly, the reliability per the criterion referenced standard are shown to be as ; 5th grade boy .84 (14 round). 5th grade girl .82 (11 round), 6th grade boy .84 (18 round), 6th grade girl .87 (11 round). Thus, the criterion referenced standard scores from the study have appropriate difficulties and discrimination capacity and so as the Validity and the reliability are high that they are decided to be the appropriate measuring implement on the elementary school children`s muscle endurance of the upper arms.

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